Cholesterol transporters are a group of transmembrane proteins responsible for the transport of cholesterol inside and outside of cells. Major family members include ABCA1, ABCG1, NPC1, and SR-BI, which consist of multiple transmembrane domains and are primarily located in the cell membrane and endomembrane system. Cholesterol transporters play a crucial role in regulating the absorption, transport, and excretion of cholesterol, participating in the formation of lipoprotein particles and the development of atherosclerosis by influencing the transfer of cholesterol between cells. In different tissues and cells, the expression of cholesterol transporters is specific, and mutations or dysregulation of their expression are associated with various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.