The thioredoxin protein family, crucial for cellular antioxidant defense and signaling, comprises multiple members such as Trx1 and Trx2. They consist of unique active sites and cysteine residues and are primarily localized in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus. These proteins catalyze the oxidation-reduction reactions of thiol groups, maintaining the cellular redox balance and affecting cell growth, differentiation, and death. Thioredoxins interact with other proteins such as the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, participating in multiple signaling pathways. Their gene expression is tissue-specific and regulated by various cellular signals and oxidative stress conditions. Gene mutations or dysregulation of expression are associated with health issues like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting their potential importance in disease prevention and treatment.